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Introduction<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
There is an ever-increasing amount of information in the world, and as the volume of information continues to grow, it is becoming more important for people to be able to differentiate between what information is real, and what is misleading. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
In both personal and professional contexts, you will need to start building the skills to identify what information is true and what is false. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Misinformation has a long history, and this module will focus on how to understand, navigate, and contextualize the information you are encountering, especially online.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"cf849bec-cd07-4a3e-8bca-7115bd26d252","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619bbea4c45a5.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":391,"height":390},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"101d9e51-60ff-4adb-a233-f9b220c74fdd"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Land acknowledgement<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
The <\/span><\/span>Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada<\/span><\/a>\u2019s final report calls for 94 actions toward restoring a balanced relationship between Indigenous peoples and settler communities in this country. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
We encourage you to not only acknowledge the traditional territory on which your institution resides, but to also ground this acknowledgement with action.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n
A great resource for this is <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span>Native Land<\/span><\/a>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>We also suggest looking at the resources provided by the <\/span>Xwi7xwa Library<\/span><\/a>, which is a centre for academic and community Indigenous scholarship. Its collections and services reflect Aboriginal approaches to teaching, learning, and research, and it is the only branch of an academic library in Canada that is entirely dedicated to Indigenous materials.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"ecfe93bc-c675-44dd-9491-62df0dbb341c"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Information disorder<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Information disorder syndrome is the sharing or developing of false information with or without the intent of harm. False information may be categorized as misinformation, disinformation, or malinformation <\/strong>(Wardle & Derakhshan, 2018). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"4cbd27b3-fa85-48e7-9a9a-f1e6daaac614"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"resizeSupported":true,"source":"https:\/\/anthonymricci.com\/h5p\/pdfs\/mod2.pdf"},"library":"H5P.IFrameEmbed 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Iframe Embedder","license":"U","title":"Untitled Iframe Embedder"},"subContentId":"248a18a9-280c-44c4-8bf8-a573c2582278"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"uploadedFile":{"path":"files\/uploadedFile-61b8d2207b4b0.pdf","mime":"application\/pdf","copyright":{"license":"U"}},"fileName":"Types of False Information"},"library":"H5P.FileDownload 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"File Download","license":"U","title":"Untitled File Download"},"subContentId":"4d6b437e-dd94-4266-a5f1-f3bf91132fa6"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
There are emotional and ritualistic elements of communication that we cannot ignore. Much of the problematic content being shared as misinformation was initially created to foster strong emotions \u2013 most often superiority, anger, or fear. Emotional content that leans on negative emotions travels faster and more widely than information that relies on logic and fact checking. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
As future engineers you will need to navigate how to use easily available online information, and quickly make decisions about its value. This module will focus on misinformation as it relates to professional ethics, responsibility around fidelity to public needs, and devotion to personal honour and professional integrity.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"920d268c-5e6c-4ca9-aa54-e3b3b1989710"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false,"type":{"params":{"contentName":"Image"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","subContentId":"a0af4b78-65b6-414d-b694-47228b8d732b","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}}},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"Incorrect \u2013 Malinformation is true information shared to cause harm.\n","notChosenFeedback":"
Incorrect \u2013 Malinformation is true information shared to cause harm.<\/div>\n","tip":""},"text":"
Malinformation.<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Incorrect \u2013 Disinformation is a deliberate, intentional lie<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":"
Incorrect \u2013 Disinformation is a deliberate, intentional lie<\/div>\n","tip":""},"text":"
Disinformation.<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct!<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":"
Correct!<\/div>\n","tip":""},"text":"
Misinformation.<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":false},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Check your knowledge<\/h3>\n\n
Which of the following is defined as information that is false, but the person who is disseminating it believes that it is true?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Check your understanding"},"subContentId":"1da89176-8d35-4d17-8558-a64f8bc3f7ee"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"a9118eab-94ae-47df-819e-210916bd29dd","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Introduction"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":false,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Misinformation and engineering<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
To reiterate, misinformation is false, misleading, or inaccurate information that is communicated regardless of an intention to deceive. That is to say, misinformation is information that is false, but the person who is disseminating it believes that it is true or believes it is clearly satire when it may not be. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Examples of misinformation may include: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t
Rumours;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Pranks;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Fake news;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Satire;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Misleading facts.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Technically speaking, factual statements that are presented in a way that undermine social policy goals, instigate distrust of legitimate experts and authorities, and\/or lead people towards making harmful decisions are also misinformation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Please select the Example<\/em> note card for more details.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"05f5a44a-8b3c-4224-8846-f6fe78bed602","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be5d6cce94.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":372,"height":341},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"8a8d4c01-16e0-45bd-8a0e-bfd240e0f0fb"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"cards":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
A famous historical example of misinformation, as discussed by Schwartz (2016), occurred in 1938 when Orson Welles adapted H.G. Wells\u2019 novel The War of the Worlds<\/em> to be performed as a live radio broadcast. This incident became famous for causing panic amongst listeners who believed that aliens were invading the Earth, with other listeners believing they were hearing a German military invasion in real time. Though this may seem comical today, this example highlights how political tensions of the day can quickly escalate to widespread panic and misinformation.<\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"2f2aaa37-1819-4059-8459-412351323b2b","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Example"}]},"library":"H5P.CardGrid 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Card Grid","license":"U","title":"Untitled Card Grid"},"subContentId":"3ecce411-cc49-44a2-bd6d-c5dfc9d7dd14"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":false,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
History of misinformation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
The history of misinformation dates back much further than the 1930\u2019s. One of the earliest examples is the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary<\/em>. In the 14th century, a text claiming to be the travel memoirs of an English knight, described a tree in India that grew gourd-like fruit, inside of which were tiny lambs. These claims were furthered by an Italian friar, who wrote of a similar experience 30 years earlier. As more 'people of credence' confirmed the tale, more people became believers, and the fruit became famous. It would take another 400 years before this story was proven to be a myth. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
<\/span><\/span>Other examples of misinformation throughout history include: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t
Great Moon Hoax;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Dewey Defeats Truman;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Numerous Health Fallacies;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Conspiracy Theories.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"43316e2a-dfe0-4043-ab4d-d7427b4d13fb","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be5f3d0f5c.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":379,"height":792},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"d3c7069a-ff88-4c46-a218-a24a89466da2"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":true,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Causes & spread of misinformation<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Misinformation spreads more quickly and is viewed by up to 100 times as many people as accurate information (Vosoughi et al., 2018). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Misinformation is spread for a variety of reasons including: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t
Political motivations;<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Monetary gain;<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Emotional manipulation;<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Converting popularity into legitimacy.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Individual characteristics may also play a part in spreading misinformation and people with the following traits tend to spread misinformation more readily (Buchanan 2020; Calvillo et al. 2020; Garrett and Bond, 2021):<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t
Disagreeable personalities;<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Limited subject knowledge;<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
While both Liberals and Conservatives both do spread misinformation, a conservative political orientation has been demonstrated to share more.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"9da4184d-c790-4483-8fbe-d324af59080a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be6123c7d1.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":422,"height":374},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"bc3786f9-0bb1-47e8-bf7a-ec2ef39ec82b"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":true,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Social media<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n\n
Social media sites (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, etc.) have become notable as ways of spreading misinformation, and this can be notoriously difficult to spot.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Misinformation, which may also be referred to as \u201cfake news\", spreads online much faster than it has historically because online tools are easy to use and lack regulation, oversight, editors, and fact checkers. Ultimately, misinformation gets clicks and social media platforms depend on clicks for continued profit. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
At the same time there is also a parallel movement at work, focused on intentionally and deliberately curbing the spread of misinformation through influencers and websites aimed at stopping the spread, debunking, or educating people.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"f3678964-1186-4fef-92c4-a3ceceaafdf5","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be61ee8132.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":336,"height":335},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"8f5d1aca-04c0-48f8-924b-29064762631c"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":false,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
How toxic information is spread<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n\n
Wardle and Derakhshan (2018) establish the following framework for information toxicity, indicating how false information is generated and spreads online: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t
Creation<\/strong> \u2013 Misleading information is written by an unknown author.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Production<\/strong> \u2013 The article or story is published on a created \u201cnews\u201d website, giving the story some low-level credibility.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Distribution<\/strong> \u2013 A link to the article or story is shared on social media. <\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Re-production<\/strong> \u2013 Individuals for whom the information in the story confirms their viewpoint share the article or story widely on social media.<\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"5b2a24b3-9292-4fbc-a55a-7224087dd20d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be631a4591.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":266,"height":363},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"806514b1-e7ee-4cec-a302-d4ac73d09252"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Identifying misinformation <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Start by thinking about the context<\/strong> of the information you\u2019ve found.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Then, select the Who is posting it?<\/em>, What information are they sharing?<\/em>, and Why are they sharing it?<\/em> note cards and ask yourself: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"62e8b35c-ba13-46a9-99ea-5fdbf4aa92f7"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"cards":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
For information to be credible, the person sharing the information should have credentials that are related to the subject at hand. Are they a biased source, and if so, is their bias clear?<\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"1c3ce33b-2c2b-4f87-80cd-ac767d4f7db9","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Who is posting it?"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Is the information anecdotal or something with stronger evidence?<\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"e1ceb5db-3091-490e-95c4-1cea11c8eba1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"What information are they sharing?"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
What is the motivation for sharing this information?<\/span><\/p>\n\n
Are they trying to sell something, are they trying to generate fear or distrust of something?<\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"4dccc493-eb56-44c5-bb9c-36b92201b11d","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Why are they sharing it?"}]},"library":"H5P.CardGrid 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Card Grid","license":"U","title":"Untitled Card Grid"},"subContentId":"6b059cfb-e26c-437c-b9dc-8155c126cf34"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Information integrity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n\n
Identifying false information also involves considering the integrity of the information you\u2019ve found. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
When considering information shared online, it is important to look for (Buchanan, 2020): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
\n\t
False connections;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Misleading content;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
False content;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Imposter content;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n\t
\n\t
Manipulated content.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
It is possible that the information started out as authentic but was compromised in some way.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Example<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n\n
WHO image: Framework for Toxicity<\/em> (Berger, 2017): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/fake_news_berger.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0d5271b4-2416-4206-9a73-c08cb4a7797d"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"27c4fdd8-fdb6-4480-acc3-b3a84c1527bd","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Misinformation and engineering"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":true,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Expertise in engineering<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Many individuals rely on expertise as a proxy for quality, but in reality, expertise<\/strong> is one of many criteria you should consider. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
When examining expertise consider the following factors (Posetti, 2018): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Value;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Insight;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Experience;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\t
Context.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
You must evaluate expertise within each specific context and make choices about what is appropriate based on the value and insight of the information coupled with the author\u2019s experience and how it fits the context.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Experts in one context might be highly experienced individuals in a field, or employees of a related government office. In other settings, it might exclusively mean someone with an applicable academic (PhD) or professional (P.Eng.) credential. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"a97a5011-7704-49d3-b8b3-4b8ee4293175","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be74a865da.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":882,"height":1587},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"6933cbb0-505b-417a-8f89-196c6672586c"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"74acc237-6e62-478a-8000-d55f05ae4a40","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Expertise in engineering"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":true,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Bias within engineering<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
The Cambridge Dictionary<\/em> <\/em>(2021) defines bias as, \u201cthe action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgement.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Every piece of information has a bias to it.<\/strong> Bias is not necessarily bad, as long as you begin, and continue to question your own biases.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Information is created by people or by machines programmed by people; therefore, all information is biased in one way or another. As an engineer, your responsibility is to identify and navigate your own biases and the biases of the information you choose to use in your work.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"331f8019-03a6-4a7e-b1a2-a77cdb20a774","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be6a3c2e9c.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":467,"height":448},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"c33cc6ca-4274-4b7a-8c07-915bc794f1ac"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false,"type":{"params":{"contentName":"Image"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","subContentId":"20579f2b-490c-424a-8867-a21388c27422","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}}},"correct":"true","behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"feedbackOnCorrect":"Correct!","feedbackOnWrong":"Incorrect \u2013 All information is created by people or machines programmed by people, and all people are bias in one way or another."},"l10n":{"trueText":"True","falseText":"False","score":"You got @score of @total points","checkAnswer":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgain":"Retry","wrongAnswerMessage":"Wrong answer","correctAnswerMessage":"Correct answer","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Check your knowledge<\/h3>\n\n
All information is biased?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.TrueFalse 1.6","metadata":{"contentType":"True\/False Question","license":"U","title":"Check your understanding"},"subContentId":"1aeb7956-6333-4559-a43c-a4a5393f63e9"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"ee813dfa-7c23-4d21-b459-e21ca60959cd","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Bias within engineering"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Trust and engineering<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Professional engineers must uphold professional and ethical standards. As an ethical body, engineering values truth, honesty, and trustworthiness, and expects engineers to embody these traits (Engineers Canada, 2016). The way you use and share information impacts how trustworthy you appear to others.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"163e5b19-2e71-4ac5-aaca-69369aef2a1f"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"cards":[{"content":{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":false,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
In a world where our personal and professional lives are so intertwined online, thinking critically about what information you share and the message it communicates is more crucial than ever. Something as simple as sharing an internet meme may seem inconsequential or humorous but can create a negative impression and erode trust. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
If you start sharing information that is wrong, you ultimately start to erode people\u2019s trust in you, both individually and as a representative of your profession.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"d13b978c-1b61-4d04-aa8f-0d1ec1bb0231","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be6da485ff.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":462,"height":412},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"14750588-9389-4f04-b490-c79312f8c51b"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Untitled ColumnCustom"},"subContentId":"44bad0b5-3c9a-4630-ac15-758b1feb1f41"},"title":"Sharing misinformation"},{"content":{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":false,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
By now, you are probably aware that using unreliable information in your work could cause harm to others, but this harm is not always as obvious as a bridge or building collapse. Take the development of algorithms and AI for example. The quality of your programming and its potential outcomes are all dependent on your ability to know what is right, use quality information, acknowledge bias, and act ethically. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
As a future engineer, you are only as knowledgeable as the information you use. Using credible, reliable information in both personal and professional settings helps build and promote public trust and confidence in engineers as educated, ethical professionals.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"ca7de9a7-c912-48b3-98ba-8b7b62bf9b24","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be6fe7e1d3.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":434,"height":412},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"503b5b77-9b1f-4224-8ab4-abf74ab7341e"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Untitled ColumnCustom"},"subContentId":"eff1020f-9ea6-4a81-ac22-2996b4b19293"},"title":"Using false information"}],"colourSwap":true},"library":"H5P.Multicard 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Multicard","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multicard"},"subContentId":"71e7a79c-7f4f-4c01-8eef-e43f7c2893cf"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":true,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Preserving trust in engineering<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
To preserve public trust in you as an individual and as a representative of the engineering profession, you must take the time to ensure that you are not using or sharing misinformation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"60390a1b-798c-4bb5-ac65-67b469ad6852","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"altText":"decorative image","sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-62182d91303c6.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":336,"height":399,"originalImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-62182d8562737.jpg#tmp","mime":"image\/jpeg","height":2500,"width":2501}}},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"2257c088-e01d-4fe0-8d49-2df37fa5435e"},"useSeparator":"enabled"},{"content":{"params":{"cards":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Fact checking the information can help you determine whether or not it is false or misleading. However, fact checking can be difficult and time-consuming. Fact checking websites may help, but their insights often come too late and may be tainted with biases of their own. For more information on strategies for evaluating information, see the Engineering Literacy module, \u201cInformation Evaluation and Filtering.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"b9f8f8ea-b0cb-4ca2-98d4-1a529bf49f3b"},"title":"Evaluate the information"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
When finding information online, one of the best ways to protect against misinformation is to think about why the author(s) posted the information <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2013 remember that authors can be an individual, a group of people, and organization, a company, or a government body.
\n
\nConsidering the author\u2019s intentions can help you see their motivations<\/strong> and point out their biases<\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Are they trying to sell you something? To convince or persuade you? To provide information? Inform you? Any of these reasons are alright, depending on context \u2013 as long as someone is clear about why they are sharing information, you can contextualize it properly.<\/p>\n\n
This strategy is useful whether you\u2019re searching for information on vaccine safety or using code already created on Stack Exchange.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n
\nRemember, to build good habits around finding any information<\/strong>, you have to practice them with all information<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0dfa1b66-aa85-4b13-b564-ef971d7e05c6"},"title":"Consider motivation & bias"}],"colourSwap":true},"library":"H5P.Multicard 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Multicard","license":"U","title":"Untitled Multicard"},"subContentId":"bd6a3c28-805e-4046-9ecf-7a8bb64c3090"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false,"type":{"params":{"contentName":"Image"},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","subContentId":"3be8e424-487a-408d-9d08-c0636af32334","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"}}},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Incorrect \u2013 While the expertise of the author(s) can help you determine if the information is credible, credible authors can still have questionable motivations and biases.<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":"Incorrect \u2013 While the expertise of the author(s) can help you determine if the information is credible, credible authors can still have questionable motivations and biases.<\/div>\n","tip":""},"text":"
The expertise of the author(s).<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct!<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":"","tip":""},"text":"
The reason the information was created or shared.<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Incorrect \u2013 Fact checking can be helpful, but these sites can have biases of their own.<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":"","tip":""},"text":"
Whether or not a fact checking website says it is correct.<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":false,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":false},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Check your knowledge<\/h3>\n\n
When determining the motivations and bias behind information you are viewing, which of the following is most important<\/strong> to consider?<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.14","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Check your understanding"},"subContentId":"2e9a380b-6c80-402b-a627-3381e1762390"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"fb6806cd-18f9-46f4-a192-6af59febbb9c","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Trust and engineering"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"sideToggle":true,"expandToggle":false,"content":{"params":{"text":"
Final thoughts<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
As an engineer, your decisions around information impact not only you, but other engineers around the world, and contribute to commonly held beliefs and trust toward the profession as a whole.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Misinformation can be difficult to spot and if you aren\u2019t careful, it can be easy to use and spread false information unintentionally, potentially damaging your personal and professional reputation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
As a student, you can get in the habit of assessing the motives, context, and biases of information you encounter now, to start building the skills that will help you identify and avoid misinformation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Further reading: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread<\/em> by Cailin O\u2019Connor & James Owen Weatherall.<\/li>\n\t
The Death of Expertise: The Campaign against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters<\/em> by Tom Nichols.<\/li>\n\t
The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood<\/em> by James Gleick.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"52fa3407-8072-43bf-a758-9edc1588a892","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"iconToggle":true,"sideImage":{"path":"images\/sideImage-619be77172006.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":391,"height":390},"altText":"decorative image"},"library":"H5P.TextNImage 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text and Image","license":"U","title":"decorative image"},"subContentId":"820116cd-c7c4-4c56-9784-28ca39d0c2e0"},"useSeparator":"disabled"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Graduate attributes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
3.1.2 Problem analysis: An ability to use appropriate knowledge and skills to identify, formulate, analyze, and solve complex engineering problems in order to reach substantiated conclusions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
3.1.3 Investigation: An ability to conduct investigations of complex problems by methods that include appropriate experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information in order to reach valid conclusions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
3.1.7 Communication skills: An ability to communicate complex engineering concepts within the profession and with society at large. Such ability includes reading, writing, speaking and listening, and the ability to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, and to give and effectively respond to clear instructions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
3.1.8 Professionalism: An understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the professional engineer in society, especially the primary role of protection of the public and the public interest.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
3.1.10 Ethics and equity: An ability to apply professional ethics, accountability, and equity.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
3.1.12 Life-long learning: An ability to identify and to address their own educational needs in a changing world in ways sufficient to maintain their competence and to allow them to contribute to the advancement of knowledge.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"34192b35-c522-4302-ad1b-bc53c4858063"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"262a6bf6-e94e-47a6-8af5-123de172fcb7","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"Final thoughts"}},{"params":{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
References<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"dc35119f-8268-419c-a813-e9a147b8fd48"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Berger, G. (2017). Fake news and the future of professional and ethical journalism <\/em>[PDF]. UNESCO. <\/span>https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/fake_news_berger.pdf<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Buchanan, T. (2020). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. PLOS ONE, 15<\/em>(10), e0239666. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239666<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Cambridge University Press. (2021). Bias. In Cambridge dictionary.<\/em> Retrieved October 1, 2021from <\/span>https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/bias<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Engineers Canada. (2016). Public Guideline on the code of ethics.<\/em> <\/span>https:\/\/engineerscanada.ca\/publications\/public-guideline-on-the-code-of-ethics#-the-code-of-ethics<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Posetti, J. (2018). Module 3: News industry transformation: digital technology, social platforms, and the spread of misinformation and disinformation. In C. Ireton & J. Posetti (Eds.), Journalism, fake news, and disinformation<\/em> (pp. 55-68). UNESCO. <\/span><\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Schwartz, A. B. (2016). Broadcast hysteria: Orson Welles\u2019s war of the worlds and the art of fake news.<\/em> Hill and Wang.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359<\/em>(6380), 1146\u20131151. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aap9559<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Module 2: Thinking about \u2018information disorder\u2019: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. In C. Ireton & J. Posetti (Eds.), Journalism, fake news, and disinformation<\/em> (pp. 43-53). UNESCO. <\/span><\/span><\/span>https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J. B., Smelter, T. J., & Rutchick, A. M. (2020). Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11<\/em>(8), 1119\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550620940539<\/p>\n\n
Garrett, R. K., & Bond, R. M. (2021). Conservatives\u2019 susceptibility to political misperceptions. Science Advances, 7<\/em>(23). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIADV.ABF1234\/SUPPL_FILE\/ABF1234_SM.PDF<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"6b06f27d-9027-49dd-a597-62d8060d5ed0","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}}},"library":"H5P.Citations 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Citations","license":"U","title":"Untitled Citations"},"subContentId":"6a610795-816f-429d-b168-5426137251c7"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Credit & licensing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Content Creators: Kate Mercer, Kari D. Weaver, Stephanie Mutch, Nasser Saleh, Michelle Spence, and Ian Robson.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Instructional and Graphic Designers: Anthony Maocheia-Ricci, Stefaniada Voichita, Stephanie Mutch, Hiba Zubairi, Cathy Sebastian, and Kari D. Weaver.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Additional feedback was generously contributed by many faculty, staff, and students at the University of Waterloo, Queens University, and the University of Toronto.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
This module was created with financial support from a 2021 eCampus Ontario Virtual Learning Strategy Grant and is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution-Non Commercial License (CC 4.0 BY-NC).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
This work should be cited as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
Mercer, K., Weaver, K.D., Mutch, S., Saleh, N., Spence, M., Robson, I., Maocheia-Ricci, A., Voichita, S., Zubairi, H., & Sebastian, C. (2022). Misinformation, trust, & bias. eCampus Ontario. Link to repository. Used under CC 4.0 BY-NC.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
For more information or to request permission for a non-licensed use, please email <\/span><\/span>libaskus@uwaterloo.ca<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n
This project was led by individuals who live and work in Waterloo, which is the traditional territory of the Neutral, Anishinaabeg and Haudenosaunee peoples. The University of Waterloo\u2019s main campus is situated on the Haldimand Tract, the land granted to the Six Nations that includes six miles on each side of the Grand River. Our active work toward reconciliation takes place across our campuses through research, learning, teaching, and community building, and is centralized within our Indigenous Initiatives Office.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"6fb89c09-2021-497f-a041-a6cda1b8060a"},"useSeparator":"enabled"}]},"library":"H5P.ColumnCustom 1.0","subContentId":"9c0da761-b828-43ff-a4e1-0d19473b8313","metadata":{"contentType":"ColumnCustom","license":"U","title":"References"}}],"behaviour":{"defaultTableOfContents":true,"progressIndicators":false,"progressAuto":true,"displaySummary":false},"read":"Read","displayTOC":"Display 'Table of contents'","hideTOC":"Hide 'Table of contents'","nextPage":"Next page","previousPage":"Previous page","chapterCompleted":"Page completed!","partCompleted":"@pages of @total completed","incompleteChapter":"Incomplete page","navigateToTop":"Navigate to the top","markAsFinished":"I have finished this page","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","exitFullscreen":"Exit fullscreen","bookProgressSubtext":"@count of @total pages","interactionsProgressSubtext":"@count of @total interactions","submitReport":"Submit Report","restartLabel":"Restart","summaryHeader":"Summary","allInteractions":"All interactions","unansweredInteractions":"Unanswered interactions","scoreText":"@score \/ @maxscore","leftOutOfTotalCompleted":"@left of @max interactions completed","noInteractions":"No interactions","score":"Score","summaryAndSubmit":"Summary & submit","noChapterInteractionBoldText":"You have not interacted with any pages.","noChapterInteractionText":"You have to interact with at least one page before you can see the summary.","yourAnswersAreSubmittedForReview":"Your answers are submitted for review!","bookProgress":"Book progress","interactionsProgress":"Interactions progress","totalScoreLabel":"Total score","a11y":{"progress":"Page @page of @total.","menu":"Toggle navigation menu"}}

Engineering VLS Module 2: Misinformation, Trust & Bias